Concrete remains the most widely used construction material worldwide due to its structural performance, availability, and cost efficiency. However, reinforced concrete structures are inherently vulnerable to cracking caused by shrinkage, thermal stresses, mechanical loading, and environmental exposure. These cracks allow the ingress of water, oxygen, and aggressive agents, which accelerate reinforcement corrosion and significantly reduce structural durability and service life. In recent years, self-healing concrete has emerged as a promising strategy for mitigating crack-related deterioration by enabling the autonomous repair of microcracks without external intervention. This review paper critically examines the development and performance of self-healing reinforced concrete (SHRC) as an innovative approach for enhancing durability and sustainability in modern infrastructure. Particular emphasis is placed on microbial-based healing techniques, including bacterial systems such as Bacillus species, and their comparative performance against chemical and encapsulation-based healing mechanisms. Furthermore, the study evaluates the reliability of different self-healing approaches under diverse environmental conditions and assesses their long-term economic feasibility by considering lifecycle performance and maintenance reduction. The findings highlight the potential of SHRC to extend infrastructure lifespan while reducing environmental impacts associated with conventional repair and cement-intensive construction practices................... Keywords:............... Self-Healing Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP), Encapsulation Mechanisms, Durability, Life-Cycle Assessment.